国华电力仿真培训及评价标准
作者：北京国华电力有限责任公司编
出版时间：2012年版
内容简介
国华公司目前仿真机模型已达 40 台，但无论是电力行业还是发电公司均尚未有细化的统一培训标准作为培训依据，不利于各个发电
公司运行人员操作技能的整体提高，而发电公司在发展过程中又面临着生产技术人员不断稀释、一些岗位技术较为薄弱、运行人员在事
故情况下紧急处理能力不足的难题。近几年来，国华公司多次出现因运行人员分析、判断和处理能力不足引发的机组非停和设备损坏事
件，因此，公司一直高度重视运行人员的培训工作，利用仿真机资源不断强化运行人员培训工作。为了规范培训形式及内容，公司着手
编写了《国华电力仿真培训及评价标准》，目的就是为了通过实施有效的课程体系，建立公司统一的仿真培训和评价标准，实现运行人员
操作行为标准化培训，通过对新值班员、主值、值长等不同岗位的差异性培训，提高运行人员操作技能，同时，为了确保培训效果，公
司还将逐步完善培训管理体系，通过规范仿真教练队伍建设、开展仿真专项调考等手段，逐步建立国华电力仿真培训协作网络，建立运
行人员仿真培训、评价、取证一体化管控机制，使公司运行培训管理得到品质提升，为公司“建五型、创一流”工作打好基础。
目录
序
编写说明
第一部分 集控运行正常操作培训及评价标准 ······························· 1
一、机组正常启停 ········································································· 1
（一）机组冷态启动 ···································································· 1
1. 全冷态至送电完成 ····························································· 1
2. 锅炉上水冲洗 ····································································· 4
3. 锅炉点火 ············································································ 7
4. 点火至汽轮机冲转前 ························································· 9
5. 汽轮机冲转至 3000r/min ················································· 12
6. 并网带初负荷 ··································································· 15
7. 升至 50%额定负荷 ·························································· 17
8. 50%至 100%额定负荷 ····················································· 20
9. 循环流化床锅炉启动 ······················································· 21
（二）机组热（温）态启动 ······················································ 28
（三）机组停运 ········································································· 31
1. 机组停运 ·········································································· 31
2. 循环流化床锅炉停炉 ······················································· 37
（四）分系统启动 ····································································· 41
1. 压缩空气系统启动 ··························································· 41
2. 辅机冷却水（开、闭式）系统启动 ································ 42
3. 发电机氢气置换 ······························································ 44
4. 辅助蒸汽系统投运 ·························································· 47
5. 汽轮机润滑油系统启动（包括顶轴油、盘车） ············ 49
6. 发电机密封油系统启动 ··················································· 51
7. 发电机定子冷却水系统启动 ··········································· 53
8. EH 油系统启动 ································································ 54
9. 凝结水系统投运（除氧器上水） ··································· 55
10. 给水系统启动 ································································ 57
11. 循环水系统启动 ···························································· 59
12. 锅炉风机油站启动 ························································ 60
13. 空气预热器系统启动····················································· 62
14. 火检冷却风系统启动····················································· 63
15. 锅炉风烟系统启动 ························································ 65
16. 锅炉吹扫 ········································································ 67
17. 炉前燃油系统启动 ························································ 68
18. 锅炉燃油方式点火 ························································ 70
19. 锅炉微油方式点火 ························································ 72
20. 锅炉等离子方式点火····················································· 74
21. 汽轮机送轴封抽真空····················································· 76
22. 制粉系统启动 ································································ 78
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23. 空冷系统启动 ································································· 81
24. 汽轮机冲转 ···································································· 82
25. 发电机并网前准备 ························································· 85
26. 发电机并网 ···································································· 87
27. 低压加热器投运 ····························································· 89
28. 高压加热器投运 ····························································· 90
29. 锅炉本体吹灰系统投运 ················································· 93
30. 厂用电切换 ···································································· 94
31. 脱硫系统启动 ································································· 96
32. 脱硝系统投运 ································································· 98
33. 炉水循环泵系统启动 ····················································· 99
34. 给水泵汽轮机润滑油系统启动 ··································· 101
35. 给水泵汽轮机（汽动给水泵）系统启动 ···················· 102
36. 抽汽供热系统投运 ······················································· 106
37. 中储式制粉系统启动 ··················································· 108
（五）单体设备启动 ································································ 109
1. 10（6）kV 高压电动机送电 ········································· 109
2. 380V 电动机 MT 开关送电 ··········································· 111
3. 单级离心式水泵启动 ····················································· 112
4. 凝结水泵启动 ································································· 113
5. 电动给水泵启动 ····························································· 115
6. 汽轮机盘车投运 ····························································· 117
7. 增压风机启动 ································································· 118
8. 引风机启动 ···································································· 120
9. 送风机启动 ···································································· 121
10. 一次风机启动 ······························································· 123
11. 密封风机启动 ······························································· 125
12. 双进双出磨煤机启动····················································126
二、机组试验及定期轮换 ··························································128
（一）机组主要试验 ································································128
1. 汽轮机主汽门、调门严密性试验 ··································128
2. 汽轮机超速试验 ·····························································130
3. 汽轮机高压主汽门活动试验 ··········································132
4. 汽轮机中压调门活动试验 ··············································134
5. 抽汽止回门活动试验 ·····················································136
6. 汽轮机交直流润滑油泵联动试验 ··································137
7. 汽轮机直流密封油泵启停试验 ······································139
8. 真空严密性试验 ·····························································140
9. 给水泵汽轮机油泵联动试验 ··········································141
10. 给水泵汽轮机高低压主汽门（速关门）
活动试验 ······································································143
11. 锅炉水压试验 ·······························································144
12. 燃油系统泄漏试验 ·······················································148
13. 柴油发电机启动试验····················································149
14. 主变压器（启动备用变压器、高压厂用变压器）
冷却装置电源切换试验 ···············································151
（二）机组定期轮换试验 ························································152
1. 真空泵切换 ·····································································152
2. 定子冷却水泵切换 ·························································153
3. 闭式冷却水泵切换 ·························································154
4. 开式冷却水泵切换 ·························································155
5. EH 油泵切换 ···································································157
6. 凝结水泵切换（变频切变频） ······································158
7. 凝结水泵切换（工频切工频） ······································160
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8. 主油箱（润滑油箱、密封油箱）排烟风机切换 ·········· 161
9. 轴封加热器风机切换 ····················································· 162
10. 火检冷却风机切换 ······················································· 163
11. 密封风机切换 ······························································· 165
12. 锅炉风机油泵切换 ······················································· 166
13. 空气压缩机切换 ··························································· 167
（三）运行转检修操作 ···························································· 169
1. 电动给水泵运行转检修 ················································· 169
2. 一台汽动给水泵运行转检修 ········································· 170
3. 高压加热器运行转检修 ················································· 172
4. 单侧引风机运行转检修 ················································· 174
5. 单侧送风机运行转检修 ················································· 176
6. 单侧一次风机运行转检修 ············································· 178
7. 锅炉运行一台制粉系统由运行转检修 ·························· 180
8. 锅炉运行一台空气预热器由运行转检修 ······················ 181
9. 炉前油系统运行转检修 ················································· 183
10. 发电机变压器组热备用转检修 ··································· 184
11. 10（6）kV 母线运行转检修········································ 186
12. 380V PC 段母线（带低压变压器）运行转检修 ········ 188
13. 10（6）kV 电动机运行转检修 ··································· 189
14. 直流系统蓄电池运行转检修 ······································· 190
第二部分 分专业事故处理培训及评价标准······························· 192
一、锅炉分专业事故处理 ·························································· 192
1. 单侧一次风机跳闸 ························································· 192
2. 一次风机喘振 ································································· 194
3. 一次风机电动机油站油泵跳闸 ····································· 196
4. 一次风机动叶卡涩 ·························································198
5. 单侧送风机跳闸 ·····························································199
6. 送风机喘振 ·····································································201
7. 送风机油站油泵跳闸 ·····················································203
8. 送风机动叶卡涩 ·····························································205
9. 单侧引风机跳闸 ·····························································206
10. 引风机喘振 ···································································208
11. 引风机油站油泵（电动机）跳闸 ································210
12. 引风机静叶卡涩 ···························································212
13. 引风机（送风机、一次风机）轴承温度高·················213
14. 增压风机跳闸 ·······························································215
15. 增压风机喘振 ·······························································217
16. 空气预热器二次燃烧····················································218
17. 单侧空气预热器跳闸····················································220
18. 磨煤机跳闸 ···································································223
19. 磨煤机着火 ···································································224
20. 磨煤机堵塞 ···································································226
21. 磨煤机粉管堵塞 ···························································228
22. 给煤机上落煤管堵塞····················································230
23. 给煤机出口落煤管堵塞 ················································232
24. 磨煤机润滑油泵跳闸····················································234
25. 磨煤机热风门卡涩 ·······················································235
26. 给煤机跳闸 ···································································237
27. 给煤机皮带打滑 ···························································239
28. 密封风机跳闸 ·······························································240
29. 火检冷却风机跳闸 ·······················································242
30. 锅炉满水 ·······································································243
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31. 锅炉缺水 ······································································ 245
32. 炉水泵跳闸 ·································································· 247
33. 分离器安全门误开 ······················································· 249
34. 过热器安全门误开 ······················································· 250
35. 再热器入口安全门误开 ··············································· 252
36. 再热器出口安全门误开 ··············································· 253
37. 省煤器泄漏 ·································································· 255
38. 水冷壁泄漏 ·································································· 257
39. 过热器泄漏 ·································································· 259
40. 再热器泄漏 ·································································· 261
41. 锅炉结焦 ······································································ 263
42. 分隔屏积灰 ·································································· 265
43. 末级过热器积灰 ··························································· 266
44. 再热器积灰 ·································································· 268
45. 省煤器积灰 ·································································· 270
46. 空气预热器积灰 ··························································· 271
47. 主汽压力异常 ······························································· 273
48. 主汽温度异常 ······························································· 275
49. 过热器减温水调门卡涩 ··············································· 277
50. 再热汽压力异常 ··························································· 278
51. 再热汽温度异常 ··························································· 280
52. 再热器减温水调门卡涩 ··············································· 282
二、汽轮机分专业事故处理 ······················································ 284
1. 汽轮机超速 ···································································· 284
2. 汽轮机水冲击 ································································· 285
3. 汽轮机动静部分摩擦 ····················································· 287
4. 汽轮机轴向位移大 ························································· 290
5. 汽轮机胀差大 ·································································292
6. 汽轮机轴承振动大 ·························································294
7. 汽轮机低压缸断叶片 ·····················································295
8. 汽轮机轴承金属温度高 ··················································297
9. 汽轮机支持轴承温度高 ··················································299
10. 汽轮机轴承磨损 ···························································301
11. 汽轮机推力轴承磨损 ····················································302
12. 汽轮机通流部分结垢····················································304
13. 单侧高压主汽门故障关闭 ············································305
14. 单侧中压主汽门故障关闭 ············································307
15. 单个高压调速汽门卡涩 ················································309
16. 汽轮机打闸，中压主汽门卡涩 ····································310
17. 中压调速汽门卡涩 ·······················································312
18. 高压抽汽止回门故障关闭 ············································313
19. 低压抽汽止回门故障关闭 ············································315
20. 排汽装置（凝汽器）真空下降 ····································316
21. 真空系统泄漏 ·······························································319
22. 空冷岛管板脏污 ···························································322
23. 主机润滑油母管泄漏····················································324
24. 汽轮机主油箱泄漏 ·······················································326
25. 主机冷油器泄漏 ···························································328
26. 主机冷油器冷却水调阀卡涩 ········································329
27. EH 油系统泄漏 ·····························································330
28. 发电机氢气泄漏 ···························································332
29. 给水泵汽轮机跳闸 ·······················································334
30. 汽动给水泵跳闸 ···························································336
31. 给水泵汽化 ···································································338
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32. 给水泵汽轮机轴承（推力轴承）磨损 ························ 339
33. 给水泵汽轮机调门卡涩 ··············································· 341
34. 给水泵汽轮机汽源故障 ··············································· 343
35. 给水泵再循环门误开 ··················································· 346
36. 电动给水泵勺管卡涩 ··················································· 347
37. 凝结水泵跳闸 ······························································· 349
38. 循环水泵跳闸 ······························································· 351
39. 定子冷却水泵跳闸 ······················································· 353
40. EH 油泵跳闸 ································································ 354
41. 真空泵跳闸 ·································································· 355
42. 闭冷水泵跳闸 ······························································· 357
43. 开冷水泵跳闸 ······························································· 358
44. 凝结水泵变频器控制失灵 ··········································· 359
45. 除氧器进水调门卡涩 ··················································· 361
46. 高压加热器正常疏水门卡涩 ······································· 362
47. 低压加热器正常疏水门卡涩 ······································· 364
48. 高压加热器泄漏 ··························································· 365
49. 低压加热器泄漏 ··························································· 367
50. 高压加热器保护误动 ··················································· 369
51. 凝结水系统泄漏 ··························································· 371
52. 凝汽器水侧泄漏 ··························································· 373
53. 闭冷水系统泄漏 ··························································· 375
54. 供热机组抽汽段压力异常升高 ··································· 377
55. 供热机组抽汽段压力异常降低 ··································· 379
三、电气分专业事故处理 ·························································· 381
1. 发电机定子匝间短路 ····················································· 381
2. 发电机失磁 ···································································· 382
3. 发电机定子接地 ·····························································384
4. 发电机振荡—失步 ·························································386
5. 发电机定子绕组相间故障 ··············································388
6. 发电机对称过负荷 ·························································390
7. 发电机不对称过负荷 ·····················································391
8. 发电机出口开关非全相 ··················································393
9. 发电机转子一点接地 ·····················································395
10. 发电机碳刷着火 ···························································396
11. 发电机 TV 一次熔断器 A 相熔断 ································397
12. 电网功率振荡 ·······························································399
13. 主变压器差动保护动作 ················································401
14. 主变压器轻瓦斯（10min 后变成重瓦斯）
保护动作 ······································································402
15. 主变压器重瓦斯保护动作 ············································405
16. 主变压器冷却器故障····················································407
17. 主变压器油位高 ···························································408
18. 主变压器绕组温度高····················································409
19. 主变压器冷却器全停····················································410
20. 高压厂用变压器差动保护动作 ····································412
21. 高压厂用变压器轻瓦斯（10min 后变成重瓦斯）
保护动作 ······································································413
22. 高压厂用变压器重瓦斯保护动作 ································416
23. 高压厂用变压器油位异常 ············································417
24. 10（6）kV 系统 A 母线分频谐振 ·······························419
25. 10（6）kV 母线 TV 熔断器熔断 ·································421
26. 低压厂用变压器内部故障 ············································422
27. 380V 母线单相接地 ······················································424
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28. 保安 A 段工作进线开关误跳 ······································ 425
29. 110V 直流系统母线接地 ············································· 427
30. 220V 直流系统 I 母正极接地 ······································ 428
第三部分 综合事故处理培训及评价标准 ·································· 430
1. 汽轮机跳闸 ···································································· 430
2. 破坏真空紧急停机 ························································· 432
3. 不破坏真空紧急停机 ····················································· 435
4. 紧急停炉 ········································································ 438
5. 锅炉 MFT 误动作 ·························································· 440
6. 发电机跳闸后汽轮机汽门关闭不严 ······························ 442
7. 送风机跳闸 RB 拒动······················································ 444
8. 引风机跳闸 RB 拒动······················································ 446
9. 一次风机跳闸 RB 拒动 ·················································· 449
10. 空气预热器跳闸 RB 拒动 ············································ 451
11. 汽动给水泵跳闸 RB 拒动 ············································ 453
12. 汽动给水泵跳闸备用泵不自启 RB 拒动 ···················· 455
13. 给水流量骤降 ·······························································457
14. 10（6）kV 单段失电 ····················································459
15. 机组厂用电全停 ···························································462
16. 送出线路全停 ·······························································464
17. 压缩空气压力低 ···························································467
18. 闭冷水中断 ···································································468
19. DCS 控制系统失灵 ·······················································470
20. UPS 失电 ·······································································472
21. 循环流化床锅炉紧急停炉 ············································475
22. 循环流化床锅炉 MFT 误动 ··········································476
附录 1 集控运行舒尔特方格注意力训练及评价标准 ················478
附录 2 集控运行生产信息指令标准用语示例（中英文对照） ······481
附录 3 集控运行专业常用词汇（中英文对照） ························485
